IPMAT 2022 - Verbal Ability Previous Year Questions with Solutions

Directions for Qs. 1 – 5: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage:

A showroom is open on all seven days of the week throughout the year. There are five employees Alex, Bhabha, Cathy, Dilip and Ethan who work in the showroom. Every day except Sunday, two employees are required while on Sunday three employees need to work. Every employee works for three days in a week. Some additional information is also provided:
•    Every employee works on two consecutive days while the third day is not consecutive.
•    Alex and Dilip work together on Tuesday and Wednesday while the other working day differs for them.
•    Neither Bhabha nor Cathy works with Alex on any day.
•    Cathy does not work either on Saturday or on Monday

One of the days Alex works on is

Directions for Qs. 1 – 5: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage:

A showroom is open on all seven days of the week throughout the year. There are five employees Alex, Bhabha, Cathy, Dilip and Ethan who work in the showroom. Every day except Sunday, two employees are required while on Sunday three employees need to work. Every employee works for three days in a week. Some additional information is also provided:
•    Every employee works on two consecutive days while the third day is not consecutive.
•    Alex and Dilip work together on Tuesday and Wednesday while the other working day differs for them.
•    Neither Bhabha nor Cathy works with Alex on any day.
•    Cathy does not work either on Saturday or on Monday

The consecutive days on which Ethan works are

Directions for Qs. 1 – 5: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage:

A showroom is open on all seven days of the week throughout the year. There are five employees Alex, Bhabha, Cathy, Dilip and Ethan who work in the showroom. Every day except Sunday, two employees are required while on Sunday three employees need to work. Every employee works for three days in a week. Some additional information is also provided:
•    Every employee works on two consecutive days while the third day is not consecutive.
•    Alex and Dilip work together on Tuesday and Wednesday while the other working day differs for them.
•    Neither Bhabha nor Cathy works with Alex on any day.
•    Cathy does not work either on Saturday or on Monday

Which among the following employees do not work together on any of the days?

Directions for Qs. 1 – 5: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage:

A showroom is open on all seven days of the week throughout the year. There are five employees Alex, Bhabha, Cathy, Dilip and Ethan who work in the showroom. Every day except Sunday, two employees are required while on Sunday three employees need to work. Every employee works for three days in a week. Some additional information is also provided:
•    Every employee works on two consecutive days while the third day is not consecutive.
•    Alex and Dilip work together on Tuesday and Wednesday while the other working day differs for them.
•    Neither Bhabha nor Cathy works with Alex on any day.
•    Cathy does not work either on Saturday or on Monday

Employees who work on Sunday are

Directions for Qs. 1 – 5: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage:

A showroom is open on all seven days of the week throughout the year. There are five employees Alex, Bhabha, Cathy, Dilip and Ethan who work in the showroom. Every day except Sunday, two employees are required while on Sunday three employees need to work. Every employee works for three days in a week. Some additional information is also provided:
•    Every employee works on two consecutive days while the third day is not consecutive.
•    Alex and Dilip work together on Tuesday and Wednesday while the other working day differs for them.
•    Neither Bhabha nor Cathy works with Alex on any day.
•    Cathy does not work either on Saturday or on Monday

Number of days Bhabha and Cathy work together in a week is

Directions for Qs. 6 – 11: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.
Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.
To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.
That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors’ hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

According to the passage, the interest in the difference between climacteric and non- climacteric fruits is in the

Directions for Qs. 6 – 11: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.
Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.
To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.
That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors’ hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

The main point the writer makes is that fruit-bearing plants

Directions for Qs. 6 – 11: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.
Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.
To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.
That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors’ hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

The study has been based on

Directions for Qs. 6 – 11: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.
Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.
To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.
That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors’ hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

Which one of the following options means “arboreal” and “camouflage”?

Directions for Qs. 6 – 11: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.
Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.
To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.
That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors’ hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

The origins of the distinguishing characteristics between the two types of fruits, climacteric and non-climacteric are

Directions for Qs. 6 – 11: Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.
Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.
To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.
That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors’ hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.
The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

Consider the following two Findings:
(i) Non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours.
(ii) Thirty-six varieties of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits were eaten predominantly either by ground-dwellers, or by arboreal or aerial animals respectively.
According to the passage

Directions for Qs. 12 – 17 Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

On the 14th of May 1796, vaccine matter was taken from the hand of a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, and inserted by two superficial incisions in the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of about eight years of age. The boy went through an attack of cowpox as expected. After this, however, it was necessary to determine whether he was protected from smallpox. After waiting two months Jenner inoculated him with material from a smallpox patient. He was delighted to note that the boy was not affected by smallpox.
By 1798, Jenner had succeeded in demonstrating the protective quality of the cowpox virus against smallpox, by putting on record details of 23 cases, contracted either casually or by direct inoculation. Sixteen of these had occurred accidentally among dairy workers in the course of occupations connected with cows and horses; the rest were done under Jenner's direction. Among the persons inoculated was Jenner's own little second son, Robert Harding Jenner, an infant eleven months old. Jenner demonstrated conclusively that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of smallpox.
After Dr. Jenner had made his tests, he prepared a pamphlet for publication. He also went to London, so that he might have the opportunity to introduce the subject personally to friends and demonstrate the truth of his assertion to them. He remained in London for nearly three months without being able to ?nd anyone who would submit to vaccination. Jenner went back to Gloucestershire, disappointed. It happened, however, that soon after his return home, a distinguished London surgeon named Cline resolved to make a trial of the vaccine material which Jenner had left with his friends.
The patient was a child suffering from a form of chronic hip-joint disease. The vaccine material was inoculated, and the vaccine vehicle ran rather a normal course and healed fully. The little patient was afterward inoculated with smallpox virus and found to be incapable of acquiring that disease. This case attracted considerable attention. The child was in a run- down condition, and the vaccine material might very well have provoked a rather serious local reaction. In a way, the fate of vaccination hung in the balance and good luck was in its favour. Mr. Cline, however, after this, became a strong advocate of vaccination, and brought it very decidedly before the London physicians.
It was not long before the opposition to the practice of vaccination took definite form. One of the best-known London physicians of the time, Dr. Ingenhouz, became the leader of a strong faction of the medical profession of London, who not only would have nothing to do with vaccination, but proclaimed openly that it was a dangerous innovation, absolutely unjustifiable, and communicated a disease without protecting against any other. Dr. Watt from Glasgow blamed the vaccine for the increase in severe cases of measles and measles-related deaths among children.
Fortunately, only a few colleagues were so illogical, and an excellent idea of how much Jenner's discovery was appreciated by his contemporaries may be obtained from the number of honours, diplomas, addresses and communications from public bodies and distinguished individuals which he received. Most of the prominent medical and scientific societies of Europe elected him a member or sent him some special token of recognition.

Jenner received a lot of recognition from medical bodies because

Directions for Qs. 12 – 17 Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

On the 14th of May 1796, vaccine matter was taken from the hand of a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, and inserted by two superficial incisions in the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of about eight years of age. The boy went through an attack of cowpox as expected. After this, however, it was necessary to determine whether he was protected from smallpox. After waiting two months Jenner inoculated him with material from a smallpox patient. He was delighted to note that the boy was not affected by smallpox.
By 1798, Jenner had succeeded in demonstrating the protective quality of the cowpox virus against smallpox, by putting on record details of 23 cases, contracted either casually or by direct inoculation. Sixteen of these had occurred accidentally among dairy workers in the course of occupations connected with cows and horses; the rest were done under Jenner's direction. Among the persons inoculated was Jenner's own little second son, Robert Harding Jenner, an infant eleven months old. Jenner demonstrated conclusively that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of smallpox.
After Dr. Jenner had made his tests, he prepared a pamphlet for publication. He also went to London, so that he might have the opportunity to introduce the subject personally to friends and demonstrate the truth of his assertion to them. He remained in London for nearly three months without being able to ?nd anyone who would submit to vaccination. Jenner went back to Gloucestershire, disappointed. It happened, however, that soon after his return home, a distinguished London surgeon named Cline resolved to make a trial of the vaccine material which Jenner had left with his friends.
The patient was a child suffering from a form of chronic hip-joint disease. The vaccine material was inoculated, and the vaccine vehicle ran rather a normal course and healed fully. The little patient was afterward inoculated with smallpox virus and found to be incapable of acquiring that disease. This case attracted considerable attention. The child was in a run- down condition, and the vaccine material might very well have provoked a rather serious local reaction. In a way, the fate of vaccination hung in the balance and good luck was in its favour. Mr. Cline, however, after this, became a strong advocate of vaccination, and brought it very decidedly before the London physicians.
It was not long before the opposition to the practice of vaccination took definite form. One of the best-known London physicians of the time, Dr. Ingenhouz, became the leader of a strong faction of the medical profession of London, who not only would have nothing to do with vaccination, but proclaimed openly that it was a dangerous innovation, absolutely unjustifiable, and communicated a disease without protecting against any other. Dr. Watt from Glasgow blamed the vaccine for the increase in severe cases of measles and measles-related deaths among children.
Fortunately, only a few colleagues were so illogical, and an excellent idea of how much Jenner's discovery was appreciated by his contemporaries may be obtained from the number of honours, diplomas, addresses and communications from public bodies and distinguished individuals which he received. Most of the prominent medical and scientific societies of Europe elected him a member or sent him some special token of recognition.

According to the author, the main idea in the passage is

Directions for Qs. 12 – 17 Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

On the 14th of May 1796, vaccine matter was taken from the hand of a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, and inserted by two superficial incisions in the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of about eight years of age. The boy went through an attack of cowpox as expected. After this, however, it was necessary to determine whether he was protected from smallpox. After waiting two months Jenner inoculated him with material from a smallpox patient. He was delighted to note that the boy was not affected by smallpox.
By 1798, Jenner had succeeded in demonstrating the protective quality of the cowpox virus against smallpox, by putting on record details of 23 cases, contracted either casually or by direct inoculation. Sixteen of these had occurred accidentally among dairy workers in the course of occupations connected with cows and horses; the rest were done under Jenner's direction. Among the persons inoculated was Jenner's own little second son, Robert Harding Jenner, an infant eleven months old. Jenner demonstrated conclusively that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of smallpox.
After Dr. Jenner had made his tests, he prepared a pamphlet for publication. He also went to London, so that he might have the opportunity to introduce the subject personally to friends and demonstrate the truth of his assertion to them. He remained in London for nearly three months without being able to ?nd anyone who would submit to vaccination. Jenner went back to Gloucestershire, disappointed. It happened, however, that soon after his return home, a distinguished London surgeon named Cline resolved to make a trial of the vaccine material which Jenner had left with his friends.
The patient was a child suffering from a form of chronic hip-joint disease. The vaccine material was inoculated, and the vaccine vehicle ran rather a normal course and healed fully. The little patient was afterward inoculated with smallpox virus and found to be incapable of acquiring that disease. This case attracted considerable attention. The child was in a run- down condition, and the vaccine material might very well have provoked a rather serious local reaction. In a way, the fate of vaccination hung in the balance and good luck was in its favour. Mr. Cline, however, after this, became a strong advocate of vaccination, and brought it very decidedly before the London physicians.
It was not long before the opposition to the practice of vaccination took definite form. One of the best-known London physicians of the time, Dr. Ingenhouz, became the leader of a strong faction of the medical profession of London, who not only would have nothing to do with vaccination, but proclaimed openly that it was a dangerous innovation, absolutely unjustifiable, and communicated a disease without protecting against any other. Dr. Watt from Glasgow blamed the vaccine for the increase in severe cases of measles and measles-related deaths among children.
Fortunately, only a few colleagues were so illogical, and an excellent idea of how much Jenner's discovery was appreciated by his contemporaries may be obtained from the number of honours, diplomas, addresses and communications from public bodies and distinguished individuals which he received. Most of the prominent medical and scientific societies of Europe elected him a member or sent him some special token of recognition.

Twenty-three cases were put on record with the objective to explain very clearly that

Directions for Qs. 12 – 17 Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

On the 14th of May 1796, vaccine matter was taken from the hand of a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, and inserted by two superficial incisions in the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of about eight years of age. The boy went through an attack of cowpox as expected. After this, however, it was necessary to determine whether he was protected from smallpox. After waiting two months Jenner inoculated him with material from a smallpox patient. He was delighted to note that the boy was not affected by smallpox.
By 1798, Jenner had succeeded in demonstrating the protective quality of the cowpox virus against smallpox, by putting on record details of 23 cases, contracted either casually or by direct inoculation. Sixteen of these had occurred accidentally among dairy workers in the course of occupations connected with cows and horses; the rest were done under Jenner's direction. Among the persons inoculated was Jenner's own little second son, Robert Harding Jenner, an infant eleven months old. Jenner demonstrated conclusively that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of smallpox.
After Dr. Jenner had made his tests, he prepared a pamphlet for publication. He also went to London, so that he might have the opportunity to introduce the subject personally to friends and demonstrate the truth of his assertion to them. He remained in London for nearly three months without being able to ?nd anyone who would submit to vaccination. Jenner went back to Gloucestershire, disappointed. It happened, however, that soon after his return home, a distinguished London surgeon named Cline resolved to make a trial of the vaccine material which Jenner had left with his friends.
The patient was a child suffering from a form of chronic hip-joint disease. The vaccine material was inoculated, and the vaccine vehicle ran rather a normal course and healed fully. The little patient was afterward inoculated with smallpox virus and found to be incapable of acquiring that disease. This case attracted considerable attention. The child was in a run- down condition, and the vaccine material might very well have provoked a rather serious local reaction. In a way, the fate of vaccination hung in the balance and good luck was in its favour. Mr. Cline, however, after this, became a strong advocate of vaccination, and brought it very decidedly before the London physicians.
It was not long before the opposition to the practice of vaccination took definite form. One of the best-known London physicians of the time, Dr. Ingenhouz, became the leader of a strong faction of the medical profession of London, who not only would have nothing to do with vaccination, but proclaimed openly that it was a dangerous innovation, absolutely unjustifiable, and communicated a disease without protecting against any other. Dr. Watt from Glasgow blamed the vaccine for the increase in severe cases of measles and measles-related deaths among children.
Fortunately, only a few colleagues were so illogical, and an excellent idea of how much Jenner's discovery was appreciated by his contemporaries may be obtained from the number of honours, diplomas, addresses and communications from public bodies and distinguished individuals which he received. Most of the prominent medical and scientific societies of Europe elected him a member or sent him some special token of recognition.

By calling the vaccine unjustifiable, Dr. Ingenhouz meant that vaccination

Directions for Qs. 12 – 17 Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

On the 14th of May 1796, vaccine matter was taken from the hand of a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, and inserted by two superficial incisions in the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of about eight years of age. The boy went through an attack of cowpox as expected. After this, however, it was necessary to determine whether he was protected from smallpox. After waiting two months Jenner inoculated him with material from a smallpox patient. He was delighted to note that the boy was not affected by smallpox.
By 1798, Jenner had succeeded in demonstrating the protective quality of the cowpox virus against smallpox, by putting on record details of 23 cases, contracted either casually or by direct inoculation. Sixteen of these had occurred accidentally among dairy workers in the course of occupations connected with cows and horses; the rest were done under Jenner's direction. Among the persons inoculated was Jenner's own little second son, Robert Harding Jenner, an infant eleven months old. Jenner demonstrated conclusively that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of smallpox.
After Dr. Jenner had made his tests, he prepared a pamphlet for publication. He also went to London, so that he might have the opportunity to introduce the subject personally to friends and demonstrate the truth of his assertion to them. He remained in London for nearly three months without being able to ?nd anyone who would submit to vaccination. Jenner went back to Gloucestershire, disappointed. It happened, however, that soon after his return home, a distinguished London surgeon named Cline resolved to make a trial of the vaccine material which Jenner had left with his friends.
The patient was a child suffering from a form of chronic hip-joint disease. The vaccine material was inoculated, and the vaccine vehicle ran rather a normal course and healed fully. The little patient was afterward inoculated with smallpox virus and found to be incapable of acquiring that disease. This case attracted considerable attention. The child was in a run- down condition, and the vaccine material might very well have provoked a rather serious local reaction. In a way, the fate of vaccination hung in the balance and good luck was in its favour. Mr. Cline, however, after this, became a strong advocate of vaccination, and brought it very decidedly before the London physicians.
It was not long before the opposition to the practice of vaccination took definite form. One of the best-known London physicians of the time, Dr. Ingenhouz, became the leader of a strong faction of the medical profession of London, who not only would have nothing to do with vaccination, but proclaimed openly that it was a dangerous innovation, absolutely unjustifiable, and communicated a disease without protecting against any other. Dr. Watt from Glasgow blamed the vaccine for the increase in severe cases of measles and measles-related deaths among children.
Fortunately, only a few colleagues were so illogical, and an excellent idea of how much Jenner's discovery was appreciated by his contemporaries may be obtained from the number of honours, diplomas, addresses and communications from public bodies and distinguished individuals which he received. Most of the prominent medical and scientific societies of Europe elected him a member or sent him some special token of recognition.

‘Local reaction’ refers to

Directions for Qs. 12 – 17 Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

On the 14th of May 1796, vaccine matter was taken from the hand of a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, and inserted by two superficial incisions in the arms of James Phipps, a healthy boy of about eight years of age. The boy went through an attack of cowpox as expected. After this, however, it was necessary to determine whether he was protected from smallpox. After waiting two months Jenner inoculated him with material from a smallpox patient. He was delighted to note that the boy was not affected by smallpox.
By 1798, Jenner had succeeded in demonstrating the protective quality of the cowpox virus against smallpox, by putting on record details of 23 cases, contracted either casually or by direct inoculation. Sixteen of these had occurred accidentally among dairy workers in the course of occupations connected with cows and horses; the rest were done under Jenner's direction. Among the persons inoculated was Jenner's own little second son, Robert Harding Jenner, an infant eleven months old. Jenner demonstrated conclusively that the cowpox protects the human constitution from the infection of smallpox.
After Dr. Jenner had made his tests, he prepared a pamphlet for publication. He also went to London, so that he might have the opportunity to introduce the subject personally to friends and demonstrate the truth of his assertion to them. He remained in London for nearly three months without being able to ?nd anyone who would submit to vaccination. Jenner went back to Gloucestershire, disappointed. It happened, however, that soon after his return home, a distinguished London surgeon named Cline resolved to make a trial of the vaccine material which Jenner had left with his friends.
The patient was a child suffering from a form of chronic hip-joint disease. The vaccine material was inoculated, and the vaccine vehicle ran rather a normal course and healed fully. The little patient was afterward inoculated with smallpox virus and found to be incapable of acquiring that disease. This case attracted considerable attention. The child was in a run- down condition, and the vaccine material might very well have provoked a rather serious local reaction. In a way, the fate of vaccination hung in the balance and good luck was in its favour. Mr. Cline, however, after this, became a strong advocate of vaccination, and brought it very decidedly before the London physicians.
It was not long before the opposition to the practice of vaccination took definite form. One of the best-known London physicians of the time, Dr. Ingenhouz, became the leader of a strong faction of the medical profession of London, who not only would have nothing to do with vaccination, but proclaimed openly that it was a dangerous innovation, absolutely unjustifiable, and communicated a disease without protecting against any other. Dr. Watt from Glasgow blamed the vaccine for the increase in severe cases of measles and measles-related deaths among children.
Fortunately, only a few colleagues were so illogical, and an excellent idea of how much Jenner's discovery was appreciated by his contemporaries may be obtained from the number of honours, diplomas, addresses and communications from public bodies and distinguished individuals which he received. Most of the prominent medical and scientific societies of Europe elected him a member or sent him some special token of recognition.

On returning from London, Dr. Jenner was disappointed because

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

Some of the best spies take the guise of innocuous secretaries or researchers and are able to send large amounts of information to their heads of espionage, as they are ________________________.

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

Flying this simple aero plane is a for the experienced pilot. 

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

Ever since Girish won the prestigious Infosys prize, he has been behaving

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

I still have two more difficult exams left, but I’m trying to __________________; after these I  won’t have any more for a year!

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

She her classmates because she comes from a very rich, aristocratic family.

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

For the past three decades, this chain of coffee shops has been committed to building a culture where everyone is welcome. They are an ally to the LGBTQ community, and this is just one instance of their__________.

Directions for Qs. 18 – 24: Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate word/phrase from the options given below.

Leela is always nasty and inconsiderate with her colleagues; now that she has a rude superior, she is getting_________.

Directions for Qs. 25 – 29 : In each of the following sentences, the incorrect part of the sentence is underlined. Choose an alternative from the four given options so that the sentence is rendered correct.

When all the words on the page got scrambled, she quickly pressed undo, after which the document reverted back to its original state.

Directions for Qs. 25 – 29 : In each of the following sentences, the incorrect part of the sentence is underlined. Choose an alternative from the four given options so that the sentence is rendered correct.

If I had known that you needed to go to the airport yesterday, I could drive you there.

Directions for Qs. 25 – 29 : In each of the following sentences, the incorrect part of the sentence is underlined. Choose an alternative from the four given options so that the sentence is rendered correct.

He was having a dificult time, but never once he complained.

Directions for Qs. 25 – 29 : In each of the following sentences, the incorrect part of the sentence is underlined. Choose an alternative from the four given options so that the sentence is rendered correct.

The Principal and professors are authorized to sanction leave to a student provided she will have a good attendance record.

Directions for Qs. 25 – 29 : In each of the following sentences, the incorrect part of the sentence is underlined. Choose an alternative from the four given options so that the sentence is rendered correct.

His talk on heritage sites has picked up my interest.

Directions for Qs. 30 – 33: Each of the paragraphs given below has a sentence missing which is indicated by a blank. From the choices given below each paragraph, choose the sentence that seems most logically appropriate to complete the paragraph.

_______ In Southeast Asia, for example, climate and lifestyle factors mean that people spend much more time in shopping malls than Europeans do, who might go shopping once a fortnight. Then there are gender variations in the way we shop. As descendants of hunter-gatherers, accumulating is in our blood, but how you go about it depends on whether you are male or female.

Directions for Qs. 30 – 33: Each of the paragraphs given below has a sentence missing which is indicated by a blank. From the choices given below each paragraph, choose the sentence that seems most logically appropriate to complete the paragraph.

This winter, I wish to go to the beaches for a holiday. I think I will go to Goa, India’s most well-known beach holiday destination. It is about 600 km away from Mumbai, so reaching there is not a major problem____________. The major Goan beaches are tourist attractions and have some good beach-view hotels and plenty of shops selling touristy things such as beach robes, hats, jewellery, bags, and more.

Directions for Qs. 30 – 33: Each of the paragraphs given below has a sentence missing which is indicated by a blank. From the choices given below each paragraph, choose the sentence that seems most logically appropriate to complete the paragraph.

The people of the Indus Valley civilization wrote with a script. So far scholars have been unable to decipher that script. Archaeologists who have been excavating newly discovered sites in Mesopotamia hope to find a text that has scripts from both the Indus valley and Mesopotamia, the second of which has already been deciphered_________.

Directions for Qs. 30 – 33: Each of the paragraphs given below has a sentence missing which is indicated by a blank. From the choices given below each paragraph, choose the sentence that seems most logically appropriate to complete the paragraph.

Nowadays, many teenagers and young adults around the world have to spend most of their time studying in order to get top grades, a university place, and a good job._________ There are several causes for this situation, one of the main ones being exams. These are stressful experiences, and most students take a huge number of them during their school career. 

Directions for Qs. 34 – 39: The sentences below have words that are missing. Choose the best option from those given below to complete the sentence.

Achieving spaceflight enabled humans to begin to explore the solar system and the rest of the_____________, to understand the many objects and that are better observed from a space perspective, and to use for human benefit the resources and attributes of the space environment. All of these activities – discovery, scientific understanding, and the____________ of that understanding to serve human purposes – are elements of space_________.

Directions for Qs. 34 – 39: The sentences below have words that are missing. Choose the best option from those given below to complete the sentence.

In an anthropocentric_____________, animals are no more than property to human beings. Therefore, the concepts of ‘humane’ treatment and ‘necessary’ _________are economic in nature. The idea that killing animals is not a serious issue as long as animals are not made to suffer rests___________ on the widely accepted idea that animals do not have a right to life.

Directions for Qs. 34 – 39: The sentences below have words that are missing. Choose the best option from those given below to complete the sentence.

The investigators have _____________ that he had leaked con?dential _______________ information about the acquisition, thereby allowing associates to profit  ____________from the deal.

Directions for Qs. 34 – 39: The sentences below have words that are missing. Choose the best option from those given below to complete the sentence.

Everyday more than 1 billion promotional messages are sent that are commercial and _____________. Although ____________have used more technology to stop this, ________________ find ways around it.

Directions for Qs. 34 – 39: The sentences below have words that are missing. Choose the best option from those given below to complete the sentence.

The beauty of_____________ is that it poses thought-provoking questions and inspires us to think deeply about ___________ and life in general. Further, ____________ about the ideas and perspectives outlined by different thinkers can help us to gain a better_____________ of the world we live in.

Directions for Qs. 34 – 39: The sentences below have words that are missing. Choose the best option from those given below to complete the sentence.

Visually strong, ____________ films of the 1920s are_____________ preserved and suffer from censorship cuts, leading to the__________ that they were primitive and barely watchable.

Directions for Qs. 40 - 45: One of the statements below contains a word used incorrectly. Choose the option which has the incorrect or inappropriate usage of the word.

Directions for Qs. 40 - 45: One of the statements below contains a word used incorrectly. Choose the option which has the incorrect or inappropriate usage of the word.

Directions for Qs. 40 - 45: One of the statements below contains a word used incorrectly. Choose the option which has the incorrect or inappropriate usage of the word.

Directions for Qs. 40 - 45: One of the statements below contains a word used incorrectly. Choose the option which has the incorrect or inappropriate usage of the word.

Directions for Qs. 40 - 45: One of the statements below contains a word used incorrectly. Choose the option which has the incorrect or inappropriate usage of the word.

Directions for Qs. 40 - 45: One of the statements below contains a word used incorrectly. Choose the option which has the incorrect or inappropriate usage of the word.

The sentences given below, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the most logical order and enter the sequence of numbers in the space provided. Only numbers are to be entered in the space provided for the answer, and no other letters or characters should be entered. For example, a response such as 3412 or 25143 is valid, and a response such as 3412. or 25143. is invalid.
1.    This means the brain receives less input over the course of a day.
2.    Youthful eyes jiggle regularly to take in new or unfamiliar stimuli.
3.    As the person attached to those eyes ages, the eye muscles grow slower and the pathways between the eye and the brain grow longer, more complex, or, in some cases, get damaged.
4.    Our eyes quickly scan the surroundings and then send the data to the brain.
5.    Human eyes perform jiggles, more formally called saccades, in response to a change in the ?eld of vision.

The sentences given below, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the most logical order and enter the sequence of numbers in the space provided. Only numbers are to be entered in the space provided for the answer, and no other letters or characters should be entered. For example, a response such as 3412 or 25143 is valid, and a response such as 3412. or 25143. is invalid.
1.    The Central African Republic has approved Bitcoin as an o?cial currency.
2.    Experts foresee that this will damage the environment as well as the economy.
3.    Others claim that this may make money laundering easy and also use up a lot of electricity.
4.    Economists criticised this move as a potential risk to the ?nancial stability of the nation.

The sentences given below, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the most logical order and enter the sequence of numbers in the space provided. Only numbers are to be entered in the space provided for the answer, and no other letters or characters should be entered. For example, a response such as 3412 or 25143 is valid, and a response such as 3412. or 25143. is invalid.
1.    The popularity of these creations grew along with that of the tea ceremony in the 16th century.
2.    However, savvy tourists ?nd the best bargains for ceramics in Tokyo's Kitchen Town.
3.    Modern shops in touristy spots display thousands of them, both hand crafted and factory made.
4.    Japanese artisans have been making ceramics, known as Yakimono since prehistoric times.

The sentences given below, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the most logical order and enter the sequence of numbers in the space provided. Only numbers are to be entered in the space provided for the answer, and no other letters or characters should be entered. For example, a response such as 3412 or 25143 is valid, and a response such as 3412. or 25143. is invalid.
1. A sub-par monsoon cuts farm yields, output, and farm incomes, increasing the country’s dependence on food imports.
2. A robust monsoon will help put a lid on food in?ation by increasing domestic output of a variety of goods and commodities.
3. This is because half the Indian population depends upon farm-derived income.
4. The June-to-September rain-bearing system is often called the lifeblood of the country’s economy.
5. Unfortunately, however, nearly 40% of India’s net sown area does not have access to irrigation.

The sentences given below, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a number. Decide on the most logical order and enter the sequence of numbers in the space provided. Only numbers are to be entered in the space provided for the answer, and no other letters or characters should be entered. For example, a response such as 3412 or 25143 is valid, and a response such as 3412. or 25143. is invalid.
1. Located in the foothills of the Sion Fort, the lake is a Grade II-A heritage structure, dating back to the 17th century.
2. Once home to several marine creatures, the lake is now surrounded by high-rise residential buildings.
3. The Municipal Corporation is set to breathe life back into the city’s Sion Talao (Lake) with the rejuvenation and beauti?cation of the centuries-old lake.
4. Over the years, the lake has lost its prominence.
5. Earlier the talao was a known natural water tank with the Sion hillock expanding around it like an enclosing wall.