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(d); Note the context in which the passage takes the case of Banda islands: 'The biggest challenge [The Nutmeg's Curse by Ghosh] throws down is to the prevailing understanding of when the climate crisis started. Most of us have accepted...that it started with the widespread use of coal. Ghosh takes this history at least three centuries back, to the start of European colonialism in the 15th century. He [starts] the book with a 1621 massacre by Dutch invaders determined to impose a monopoly on nutmeg cultivation and trade in the Banda islands in today's Indonesia.'
So, the primary purpose of the discussion of the colonisation of the Banda islands in "The Nutmeg's Curse" is to illustrate how colonialism represented and perpetuated the mindset that has led to climate change.