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(a); Option A is the exact opposite of what the passage states. The passage explains how European colonialists influenced the prevalent way of looking at Earth as a 'resource' to exploit. Though there have been challenges to this way of thinking, the passage says, 'the invaders and their myriad backers in the fields of economics, politics, anthropology, philosophy, literature, technology, physics, chemistry, biology have dominated global intellectual discourse.' Option A cannot be inferred; this is the correct answer choice.
All other options relate to key ideas that can be inferred from the passage.