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All options except B relate to the contents of the passage. The author does not state or imply that scholars who are not geographers make outdated interpretations of past cultural and historical phenomena.
Options A and C true, based on the lines, 'Today, no scholar would be silly enough to deny that culture, history, and individual choices play a big role in many human phenomena. Scholars don't react to cultural, historical, and individual-agent explanations by denouncing "cultural determinism," "historical determinism," or "individual determinism," and then thinking no further. But many scholars do react to any explanation invoking some geographic role, by denouncing "geographic determinism"...'
Option D is true, based on the lines, 'Another reason for reflex rejection of geographic explanations is that historians have a tradition, in their discipline, of stressing the role of contingency (a favorite word among historians) based on individual decisions and chance. Often that view is warranted. But often, too, that view is unwarranted.'